Negative Punishment
What is Negative Punishment?:
According to Cooper, Heward, and Heron (2007), negative punishment is "an environmental change that occurs such that a stimulus is removed subsequent to the performance of a behavior, and the corresponding future frequency of the behavior is reduced." Negative punishment is also referred to as Type II Punishment.
How does Negative Punishment Occur?:
Negative punishment occurs in two major ways:
(b). Bonus Response Cost
(c). Combined with Positive Reinforcement
(d). Within a group arrangement
Using Response Cost Effectively: In order to use response cost effectively, the immediacy of the fine must be determined, determining if the use of bonus response cost is necessary, ensure there is reinforcement reserve, recognize the possibility for unplanned or unexpected outcomes, avoid overusing response cost, and keep data on its effects.
Response Cost Considerations: It is important to remember that using a response cost procedure may increase a child's aggressive behavior, create avoidance responses, affect collateral reductions of desired behaviors, and call attention to the punished behavior. Lastly, the effects of response cost procedures can be unpredictable.
***Since Response Cost is not a technique that we use to produce behavior change we did not go into depth on this procedure. Again, Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement will be discussed in-depth in the techniques section of our training manual. For additional information on Response Cost procedures please refer to:
Applied Behavior Analysis - Chapter 15 (Cooper, Heron, and Heward, 2007).
http://165.139.150.129/intervention/Reponse.pdf
http://susd.schoolfusion.us/modules/groups/homepagefiles/cms/394763/File/Student%20Services/response_cost.pdf
According to Cooper, Heward, and Heron (2007), negative punishment is "an environmental change that occurs such that a stimulus is removed subsequent to the performance of a behavior, and the corresponding future frequency of the behavior is reduced." Negative punishment is also referred to as Type II Punishment.
How does Negative Punishment Occur?:
Negative punishment occurs in two major ways:
- Time - Out from Positive Reinforcement: This negative punishment procedure will be discussed in-depth in the techniques portion of the training manual. For now, we will simply give you a definition of time-out from positive reinforcement
- Response Cost (RC): "The loss of a specific amount of reinforcement occurs, contingent on the performance of an inappropriate behavior, and results in the decreased probability of the future occurrence of the behavior." (Cooper, Heron, and Heward, 2007, p. 364) Response cost has many aspects that make it desirable for use in the applied setting, these include, moderate-to-rapid effects on decreasing, behavior, it is convenient to implement, and it has the ability to be combined with other procedures. There are four methods used to implement response cost, these include:
(b). Bonus Response Cost
(c). Combined with Positive Reinforcement
(d). Within a group arrangement
Using Response Cost Effectively: In order to use response cost effectively, the immediacy of the fine must be determined, determining if the use of bonus response cost is necessary, ensure there is reinforcement reserve, recognize the possibility for unplanned or unexpected outcomes, avoid overusing response cost, and keep data on its effects.
Response Cost Considerations: It is important to remember that using a response cost procedure may increase a child's aggressive behavior, create avoidance responses, affect collateral reductions of desired behaviors, and call attention to the punished behavior. Lastly, the effects of response cost procedures can be unpredictable.
***Since Response Cost is not a technique that we use to produce behavior change we did not go into depth on this procedure. Again, Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement will be discussed in-depth in the techniques section of our training manual. For additional information on Response Cost procedures please refer to:
Applied Behavior Analysis - Chapter 15 (Cooper, Heron, and Heward, 2007).
http://165.139.150.129/intervention/Reponse.pdf
http://susd.schoolfusion.us/modules/groups/homepagefiles/cms/394763/File/Student%20Services/response_cost.pdf